Body Image, Self Esteem and Eating Relationship | Methods

Body Image, Self Esteem and Eating Relationship | Methods Methodology In this chapter, we are going to discuss the research design, respondents, instrument, procedure and data analysis that we use at doing the research study. For our research, we used Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16B), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) at investigating the relevance of body image with both self-esteem and eating attitudes. Furthermore, participants were focused at female Foundation students of UTAR. Details were further discussed in our following subtopic. Research Design Research design is defined as a tool to gather relevant evidence that involve with a specification of the type of useful evidences needed for answering our research question, testing a theory and to describing some phenomenon shown (McGaghie, Bordage, Crandall, Pangaro, 2001). In other words, research design is to answer the primary question as suggested in our research clear enough from the uncertainty. In this study, a quantitative research with cross-sectional design was selected to use. A quantitative research refers to an empirical method used to explain phenomena by collecting numerical data. The term cross-sectional design implies that one or more samples are drawn from the population at one point of time (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2010). In addition, a purposive sampling particularly the stratified purposeful sampling was utilized in this research. In a purposive sample, the sample is typically designed to pick a small number of cases that will yield the most information about a particular phenomenon. In other words, it involves selecting information-rich cases for in-depth study. Purposive sampling leads to greater depth of information from a smaller number of carefully selected cases (Teddlie Yu, 2007). On the other hand, a stratified purposeful sampling presenting and providing characteristics of particular subgroups of interest and facilitates comparison. It involves capture major variations rather than to identify a common core (Patton, 1990). Respondents The female Foundation students in UTAR (Perak Campus) have been targeted as the population of this research. There are 1427 female Foundation students and a sample consisted of 100 students (N=100) from both science and art streams participated in this study. In balancing the body size groups, 50 plump and 50 thin female participants between the ages of 18 to 23 years old (M= 20.16, SD= 1.45) were selected. This study focused on female Foundation students is that they are at a much higher rate to experience body image disturbance and disordered eating than males (Serdar, n.d.). In having adjustment to new lifestyle, females might have thought changing and more aware of themselves and how others perceive them as they meet more new people in the new environment. Whereas, the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders has not significantly correlated with males (Furnham, Badmin, Sneade, 2002; Wimbish, 2009) and hence, the study did not include males to prevent the possibility of producing extreme scores. Instrument Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16B). The BSQ 16-item is a refined self-report questionnaire developed by Evans and Dolan (1993) to assess body dissatisfaction and concern over body shape. Participants rate the items based on a six-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = never to 6 = always with higher scores indicate greater body shape dissatisfaction. Items are all presented as self-statement such as â€Å"Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?† (item 2) and â€Å"Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?† (item 13). The BSQ-16B has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of body image satisfaction as it had been shown to have good test-retest reliability (.88) (Hudson, 2008) and excellent internal consistency (.95) (Pook, Tuschen-Caffier, Brahler, 2008). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). The RSE is a 10-item self-report questionnaire developed by Rosenberg (1965) to measure global self-esteem level of participants in this study. Participants rate the items based on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from 3 = strongly agree to 0 = strongly disagree with higher scores indicate higher level of self-esteem. Items are all presented as self-evaluation on positive self-esteem (item 1, 3, 4, 7, 10) and negative self-esteem (item 2, 5, 6, 8, 9). RSE has been found to have good test-retest correlations of .82 to .88 and internal consistency of .77 to .88 (Hudson, 2008), which indicate the test is having high reliability of measure self-esteem. Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). The EAT 26-item is an abbreviated version developed by Garner, Olmstead, Bohr, and Garfinkel (1982) from the original scale which is EAT-40. EAT-26 is a most widely used standardized self-report questionnaire to measure the symptoms and concerns characteristics of eating disorders. Participants rate the items based on a six-point Likert scale (3 = always, 2 = usually, 1 = often, 0 = sometimes, 0 = rarely, 0 = never) with a cutoff scores of 20 had been suggested to identify persons with problematic attitudes and behaviors towards eating. Items are presented in three subscales: 1) Dieting (item 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26), 2) Bulimia and food preoccupation (item 3, 4, 9, 18, 21, 25), and 3) Oral control (item 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 19, 20). The EAT-26 has been shown to have a good intercorrelations with EAT-40 (r = .98) and good internal consistency (.90) in non-clinical populations (Garner et al., 1982). Reliability In this study, the reliability of variables has been analyzed. The results of Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test showed that all the scales are highly reliable of BSQ-16B (16 items; ÃŽ ± = .94), RSE (10 items; ÃŽ ± = .737), and EAT-26 (26 items; ÃŽ ± = .791) (Appendix ). Procedure Before the commencement of questionnaire distribution, proper liaison was made by sending a formal letter to gain the permission from Centre for Foundation Studies (Perak Campus) to retrieve data on the population number of female Foundation students. After the permission was granted, the survey was conducted at Block B, C, and D of UTAR Perak Campus which Foundation students are majority gathers. The questionnaires were distributed manually to the potential participants. A consent form was attached to the questionnaire and the nature of the study was explained clearly to participants. The participants will not able to take part in the survey if they did not give the consent to the student researchers. Furthermore, the total score of EAT-26 (Section D) had been counted on the spot once the participant completed the questionnaire. Participants with a score of 20 or more or answered affirmatively to any of the behavioral questions had been suggested to seek evaluation from mental health professional. The questionnaires were collected from the participants with 100% response rate. Each questionnaire was checked to ensure there were balanced numbers of participants from both groups. The completed questionnaires were then later analyzed. Data Analysis Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 20.0 was used during the analysis of data. The demographic data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics to measure the mean, standard deviation, and frequency of age and body size group. The first research question was analyzed by mean and standard deviation on measuring the body image satisfaction level between thin and plump female Foundation students. Next, Independent Sample t-Test was used to test the second research question to determine the mean difference of body image satisfaction and eating attitudes between thin and plump female. Furthermore, the third and forth research question were tested by using Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation on accessing the relationship between body image satisfaction with self-esteem and eating attitudes respectively to examine whether there is any positive or negative significant relationship between these variables. The level of significant difference (p-value) was adopte d at t-Test and References Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., Zechmeister, J. S. (2010). Research methods in psychology (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. McGaghie, W. C., Bordage, G., Crandall, S., Pangaro, L. (2001). Method: Research design. Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 76(9), 929-930. Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from http://legacy.oise.utoronto.ca/research/field-centres/ross/ctl1014/Patton1990.pdf Teddlie, C., Yu, F. (2007). Mixed method sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100. Doi: 10.1177/2345678906292430 Serdar, K. L. (n.d.). Female body image and the mass media: Perspectives on how women internalize the ideal body standard. Retrieved from http://www.westminstercollege.edu/myriad/index.cfm?parent=2514detail=4475content=4795 Furnham, A., Badmin, N., Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 581-596. Wimbish, T. R. (2009). Eating disorders, body-image dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in African American gay and straight men (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3391518) Pook, M., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Brahler, E. (2008). Evaluation and comparison of different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Psychiatry Research, 158, 67-73. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.002 Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., Bohr, Y., Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878.

Leagility in supply chain

What is â€Å"leagility† in supply chain design?In a supply chain analysis of an appliance manufacturer, application of leagility concept led to significant benefits of the company's performance.   The company is based in Thailand whose factory is located in capital Bangkok (Banomyong & Supatn).   The current problem of the firm is accumulated in its reverse logistics (e.g. managing returned products) being threefold; namely, excessive transportation costs, damaged products and slow customer response.   The current system requires customers to travel from their homes to the retailer stores where they bought the firm's products.   Retailers will then transport the returned products to the Bangkok factory or in some cases even have to forward first to distribution/ service center before actual repair in Bangkok factory.   When repaired, the products are sent to customers, however, in retail stores only so they have to travel to claim.With the application of leagility, creating service shops in retail stores serve as decoupling points to manage customer demand volatility efficiently.   These services shops will be supplied by Bangkok factory with sufficient parts for the former to address simple defects and needed repairs.   Bangkok factory will only accept complex problems that do not require immediate action.   With the presence of leagility, the reverse logistics of the firm eliminate the three problems cited above.   It is able to prevent excessive transportation because service shops can serve as direct access of customers to Bangkok factory capabilities.   Less travel is required that can prevent damaging the products.   Lastly, customer satisfaction is increased because the response is faster while their need to â€Å"come-back† is minimized due to ready service.Leagility is derived from the word leagile.   The term is first defined by Naylor et al (1999) which means the mixture of lean and agile capabilities in the sup ply chain design.   Managing the decoupling point is the crucial aspect of leagile with the objective of responding to a fluctuating demand at one end and its scheduling on the other.   When strategic decoupling plan is implemented, it is possible to respond to abrupt market needs in an agile way while also carrying an ability to postpone or being lean to achieve efficiency.   De-coupling manages the difference between orders and forecasts.   Leagility is a combination of leanness and agility.The former emphasized on reduction of cost and waste and profit maximization through a level schedule.   The latter is inclined with flexible service and profit maximization through understanding customer requirements efficiently.   Leagility is achieved when these value-creating activities are present; namely, just-in-time (JIT), quality improvement, IT upgrades, lot-size minimization (i.e. less scrap and faster response time), system integration and global optimization.Other autho rs defined leagility as a hybrid strategy between lean and agile supply chain.   Being agile is the use of market knowledge and virtual business to manage fluctuations in demand while leanness is the use of value stream where waste and time are reduced and level schedule is obtained.   In their definition, decoupling point is clearer.   Decoupling point is the part of the supply chain in which customers can interfere and take part through the chain design.The point serves as signal to the firm about demand that can guide the forecasts/ Kanban system.   With the use of decoupling, inventories are managed on a stable level that has cost efficiency implications.   The combined features of agile and lean supply chains led to inherent characteristics of leagile supply chain.   These include volatile and unpredictable market demand, medium productivity variety, short product life cycle, service level customer performance, moderate profit margins, dominant physical and marketab ility costs, vendor-managed inventory, essentiality of information and other desirable effects to quality, forecasts, lead time and other costs (O'Brien 2005).Leagility application to USMCIN USMC, information technology is used to improve the supply chain management.   IT is deemed essential in leagile design and USMC has addressed this issue.   Assuming that SAP NetWeave enables information sharing across different functions in the supply chain, the organization can stabilize leagile framework through its IT.   However, the investment in IT must not be too high because funds are required in creating decoupling points systems and resources.   It should be noted that agile supply chain will not be acquired by USMC rather leagile and this makes IT non-obligatory.Further, IT may have intensified the ability of USMC in integrating information and resources to armed forces and suppliers of other countries.   Adoption of leagility can provide relaxation on the demand in reducing lead time for USMC services as this is not essential to being leagile.   USMC can continue sharing resources with other countries that can result to acquiring the latest technology without the problem against time constraints (e.g. on approval of the cooperating country about the local information).The use of GPS and RFID device in tracking supplies should be minimized since leagility does not confront stock-out penalties especially there are no place for stock-out (RFID Journal).   This means that the advantage of GPS and RFID to provide real-time information about the location of the inventories in the stock room or warehouses are seen less useful.   Further, the cost of such technologies is higher than the common barcode that their use in leagility is sub-optimal.Therefore, barcodes should be revisited.   The use of satellite communications in relation to service provision in a timely manner and also quick response must be maintained.   Leagility does not offer robustn ess while its forecast mechanism requires algorithmic and consultative areas inherent to lean and agile supply chains respectively.   As a result, service provision can be adversely affected when satellites will not feedback real-time events in the area of jurisdiction.The use of rapid logistics is required in leagility.   However, this can be adversely affected as purchasing policy is managed by vendor inventory.   Even with an efficient logistics, a non-cooperative vendor can cause delays of resources delivery and transfer.   In contrast, the rapid logistics can aid in providing products within the concept of leagility.   Leagile products are provided as per customer demand which can increase customer satisfaction by rapid delivery.   In effect, service level is achieved with low cost from USMC due to absence of excessive stocks and inventory spaces.Smart packing is required to be an efficient process because the products carried through a leagile supply chain have sho rt life cycles.   Further, it is also a difficulty that USMC is obliged to produce different packing designs to a medium-scale product differentiation (Smart Packing).   Perhaps, a lean supply chain can better fit smart packing due to long life cycle.   If USMC requires cost efficiency, smart packing should be minimized and funds should be diverted to dominant costs in physical and marketability expenditures.ReferencesBanomyong, R. & Supatn, N. (unknown). Leagility in reverse logistics: a case study of electronic appliance manufacturer [Internet] Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].O'Brien, V. (2005). Should manufacturing pursue a lean, agile or leagile strategy? [Internet] Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].Naylor, J., Naim, M. & Berry, D. (1999). Leagility: Integrating the Lean and AgileManufacturing Paradigms in the Total Supply Chain. International Journal Of ProductionEconomics, 62(1), p.2.RFID Journal (unknown). Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].Smart P acking (unknown). Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].

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