The 11 ACT Science Strategies You Must Be Using

The 11 ACT Science Strategies You Must Be Using SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT Science section, more than any other, is about strategy over knowledge. Because every graduating high school senior has a varied level of science education, the only way to make a "fair" or "standardized" test is to test very basic concepts. If the ACT Science tested basic concepts in an easy way everyone would get a 36, so instead, the ACT tests these basic concepts in new and confusing ways. In order to get the best score, you need to use a strategy to attack this strange test and practice the strategy on several ACT Science practice tests. For information about practice tests, check out our other article. You only have 35 minutes to answer 40 questions (or 52.5 seconds per question) and each question has the same point value, so you also need a strategy that helps you answer as many questions as possible in the shortest amount of time. In this article, I will cover the basic ACT Science strategy: Knowing the section format and using it to your advantage 1-Save Conflicting Viewpoints for last, Start with Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages Conflicting Viewpoints Strategies 2-Write yourself brief summaries Data Representation and Research Summaries Passage Strategies 3-Do not read the passage on Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages 4-Start with the questions 5-Use every part of the visuals to your advantage 6-Skim only if absolutely necessary 7- Practicing is a key to success 8- Only use real ACT Science Practice Materials 9- Use the real timing when practicing. 10- Review your mistakes, so you improve. 11- Study the material the ACT Science section expects you to know I will provide more information on each below: Knowing the section format and using it to your advantage If you were unfamiliar with the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages, I'd recommend reading that article first. As a brief summary, there are 3 types of passages (7 passages total) used on the test: 3 Data Representation Passages, 5 questions each 3 Research Summaries Passages, 6 questions each 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage, 7 questions It is not important for you to be able to differentiate between Data Representation Passages and Research Summaries Passages because the strategy we will use for both is the same. Both of these passages use visuals as the primary way to convey information: there will be graphs, tables, scatterplots, and/or bar graphs. It is important that you can separate the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage from the other two types because the strategy for this passage is very different. It should be pretty simple to identify because the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage has no graphs or tables. Instead, there are two or more scientists/students/theories presented in short paragraphs. The questions ask you about each viewpoint and the differences and similarities between the viewpoints. To answer the questions, you need to read and understand the entire passage; therefore, this passage will take the longest. ACT Science Strategy #1: Save Conflicting Viewpoints for last, Start with Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages As I said, you only have 52.5 seconds per question and each question has the same value. Since Conflicting Viewpoints takes longer, save it for last so it doesn't kill your pace. I will dive into the specific strategy for Conflicting Viewpoints passages next. Conflicting Viewpoints Strategy As I said before, Conflicting Viewpoints passages require you to read the entire passage to answer the questions. The two types of questions with Conflicting Viewpoints Passages are called Understanding Viewpoints Questions and Comparing Viewpoints Questions. To read more in-depth about Conflicting Viewpoints Passages and questions, read our article about Attacking Conflicting Viewpoints Questions. As a brief overview, the passage starts with an introduction and then presents you with the viewpoint of 2 or more scientists/students/theories. Understanding viewpoints questions require you to understand what each scientist/student/theory is arguing. Comparing viewpoints questions require you to point out the similarities and differences of the viewpoints. When attacking conflicting viewpoints passage, start by reading the passage in its entirety (including the introduction). ACT Science Strategy #2: Write yourself brief mini-summaries as you read each viewpoint. Writing summaries will help you remember what each scientist/student/theory argued and will help you when answering the question. These summaries should be no more than 3-4 words, more than that and you are taking too much time. Here is an example from a real ACT Science practice test: This way when you are asked a question such as: Which of the following findings support Scientist 2? A. A Scientist confirmed the fragments were from an asteroidB. A Scientist confirmed the fragments were from a cometC. A Scientist determined nothing struck the earth.D. A Scientist found out a bomb exploded. Obviously, this may be easier than other ACT Science questions, but the methodology is the same. Look back at your summary for Scientist 2. Our summary says, "Pro-Asteroid." That matches A, so A is the correct answer. Writing summaries saves you time that you would spend re-reading paragraphs and helps you get to the correct answer quicker. The strategy is very different for the other 2 passages: Data Representation and Research Summaries Strategies As I said before, distinguishing between these two passages is not important. If you would like to know the difference, it is that Data Representation Passages discusses experiments (like how varying amounts of enzyme concentrate changes reaction time) whereas Research Summaries Passages discuss summaries where something is observed (like the beak depth of finches in the wild). Knowing this difference does not help you answer questions. Both of these passages have a brief introduction, a few paragraphs (separated by experiment 1/2/3 or student 1/2/3) and visuals (graphs, tables, scatterplots, bar graphs, etc.). Almost all of the questions require reading the visuals to answer the question. ACT Science Strategy #3: Don't Read the Passage on Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages It is a waste of your time to read these passages in their entirety. As I just said, to answer most of the questions, you just need to read the visuals, so: ACT Science Strategy #4: Start With the Questions Skip reading and go right to the questions. Then, look back at the corresponding visual(s) to try to answer the question. ACT Science Strategy #5: Use Every Part of the Visuals to Your Advantage The visuals contain the majority of the answers to the questions, so you need to become an expert at reading visuals and pulling tons of information out of a single visual. Check out our article on Factual Questions: How to Read Graphs, Visuals and Data for more information, but I will give a brief overview of how to get the most out of a visual. Sometimes, you will be looking at weird graphs like this one: Yes, this is from a real ACT Science practice test. Here is the accompanying question: Let's break it down. The question is asking you which of the answer choices has the highest intensity at a given frequency. Whenever a question states "at a given X," it means across all values of X. In other words, this question is asking you to pick the answer choice with the highest intensity across all frequencies. There is a lot of information in the graph above, but the answer choices only require us to consider four conditions: in air or in water, and at S of 100% or at 10^-8%. Looking at the graph above, you may have no idea where to begin. Start by finding the locations of S 100% and S 10^-8% (it is completely fine that you don't understand what these mean). I don't even think the passage helped you understand what these mean. I don't know what they mean, but I can still answer the question correctly. You see S 10^-8% is represented by the two vertical lines at the far left of the graph. S 100% is represented by the two vertical lines at the far right of the graph. Now, you need to locate intensity, since the question asked specifically which has the highest intensity. Intensity is measured on the x-axis. Both lines for S 10^-8 % have a measured intensity between -20 and 0 db. Both lines for S 100% have a measured intensity between 180 and 220 db. The S 100% are at a higher intensity, so we can eliminate both S 10^-8% answer choices, G and J. Now, to decide between F and H, we need to figure out whether the intensity was greater in water or air. To do this, we need to distinguish which S 100% line represents water and which one represents air. According to the key, the small dotted line represents water, and the thicker line represents air. The small dotted line is just to the right of the thicker line, so it is at a higher intensity than the thicker line. S 100% in water has an intensity of approximately 205 db and S 100% in air has an intensity of approximately 195 db, so the answer is F. To get the most out of visuals, you need to be scanning every axis, curve, and key. Pinpoint just what you need to answer the question and ignore what is not useful to you. Occasionally the visual alone will not be enough to answer the question, if you need more information, use our next strategy: ACT Science Strategy #6: Skim Only If Absolutely Necessary Usually, you don't need to read, as I just showed you in the addressing the last question. You will probably only need to read/skim for 2 out of 5 or 6 questions per passage. Save the question(s) that you can't answer with visuals alone for the end of the passage. Let's check out an ACT Science practice question where you need to skim: In order to the answer this question, you need to start by looking at Figure 2 for Experiment 2. At 0.2 mL of titrant added, the color was yellow. At 1.8 mL of titrant added, the color was blue, so you can eliminate B and D. However, you don't know what the difference between yellow and blue means in terms of pH, so you need to skim. You only need this sentence from the very end of the introduction to find the final answer. So, according to the passage, blue means greater pH than yellow, so the answer is A. You can now see how skimming can quickly lead you to the correct answer. Never ever take the time to read the entire passage. It is a waste of your valuable, precious, limited time. Just skim for key terms and you will get to the answer quicker. ACT Science Strategy #7: Practicing Is the Key to Success. I recommend taking a minimum of 7 practice tests. This test is so unique that during your first 2-3 practice tests you will just be getting used to the format. You need the additional 4-5 tests to solidify using all of the above strategies. I improved 5 points from my first ACT Science test to my last; if you want to see that kind of improvement or better, you need to put in the time. Make sure you have the best study materials available. ACT Science Strategy #8: Only Use Real ACT Science Practice Materials. The ACT Science section is so different from other tests that any old science study material will not cut it. As I said before, the ACT Science section is unique in that it tests basic science skills in new and confusing ways. Check out our article on where to find ACT Science practice materials (most of which is free!) and which practice materials to avoid. When studying, you also need to make sure you are paying attention to timing. ACT Science Strategy #9: Use the Real Timing When Practicing. One of the biggest challenges of the ACT Science section is time management. My problem when I first took the ACT Science section was that I couldn't finish the thing. With all of the above strategies, you should be able to finish in time. However, if you do not practice the timing, you will not finish in time. Practice completing the entire section in 35 minutes, and try to limit yourself to 5 minutes per passage, so you keep yourself on track. Use this timing on every practice test, so that the fast pace becomes second nature to you. After taking a practice test, you need to review. ACT Science Strategy #10: Review Your Mistakes, So You Improve. The only way to get better is with practice and reviewing your mistakes. Not reviewing your mistakes is like a professional football team losing a game 60-0 and just moving on to the next one without a post-game review. It would never happen, and it should never happen for you. Reviewing your mistakes allows you to process where you went wrong and make sure it doesn't happen again. For help in how to review your mistakes, check out our articles on The Best Way to Study and Practice for ACT Science and The 9 Reasons You Miss ACT Science Questions. Practice tests and review will not get you all the way to a 36. ACT Science Strategy #11: Study the Material the ACT Science Section Expects You to Know. On every ACT Science section, there are about 4 questions that you cannot answer correctly without outside knowledge. I wrote an entire article dedicated to these questions: The Only Actual Science You Have to Know for ACT Science. There are 13 topics that the ACT Science section expects you to know (all of them are covered in the other article). Make flashcards for these topics and study them until you know them cold. The ACT Science section just expects you to have basic knowledge of these topics, so you don't need to study in-depth. Also, if you are aiming for a 30 or below on the ACT Science section, this step is not as important, as there are only 4 outside knowledge questions per test. Recap Apply these strategies to your ACT Science practice, and you'll be on your way to a 36 on the ACT Science section: #1: Save Conflicting Viewpoints for last. Start with Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages. #2: Write yourself brief mini-summaries for Conflicting Viewpoints Passages. #3: Do not read the passage on Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages. #4: For Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages, start with the questions. #5: For Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages, use every part of the visuals to your advantage. #6: For Data Representation and Research Summaries Passages, skim only if absolutely necessary. #7: Practicing is the key to success. #8: For practice, only use real ACT Science Materials. #9: For practice, use the real timing. #10: For practice, review your mistakes, so you improve. #11: Study the material the ACT Science section expects you to know. What's Next? For future ACT Science study, I recommend checking out our other articles on the 3 Types of ACT Science passages to learn more about the other types of questions asked on the ACT Science section, factual questions to learn more about this question type and to practice your visual reading skills, and the best way to study and practice for ACT Science to make the most out of your limited study time. Looking for help on the other sections? Check out our guides to ACT Math, ACT English, ACT Reading, and ACT Writing. Like this article? Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Science lesson, you'll love our program. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development Essay

The Growth of California in the Late 19th Century and the Development of a Unique State History - Essay Example Change came for California beginning in the middle of the 19th century. Previously owned by Mexico, then the Spanish as a consequence of Spanish advance towards the Pacific, in 1848 the land changed from the Spanish2, and in 1850 it was admitted to the Union of the United States of America3. Despite this, interest in the state by Americans was not immediate, and it took until near the end of the 19th century for the news of ‘merchant adventures’ to reach the ears of Americans, and for them to begin to develop a fascination with the state4. This change in statehood was of crucial importance, as under Spanish rule, colonists of California were restricted from trading with the Americans. However, as a consequence of the necessity of the trading, and the daring of the Americans, trade often happened despite the restrictions5. A second force that struck in the middle of the 19th century was the gold rush which began in 1849. This resulted in the rapid migration of many more i ndividuals that would normally occur in the course of settlement. Men, women and children travelled many hundreds of miles of dangerous and unknown terrain for the hope California and the promised riches offered. The gold was not the only driver, for California offered a large supply of game, natural resources and many possibilities6. In May of 1869, another monumental step was made; the Central Pacific Railway was completed. The tracks spanned the United States from the East to the West, linking the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. This success meant large changes for California, oxen were no longer crossing the terrain carrying weary travelers, and the populations at the mines were dwindling. Instead the cities and agriculture began to grow substantially, with migrants coming to the state through the railroad7 (Cleland – 394-396). The final change which set California free to grow as a state and to form its own history and future was the rewrite of the constitution of 18798 .By this time the state was already growing rapidly, and was recognized among the ten most urbanized states within the United States, with its agricultural prowess growing at a fast rate9. The constitution developed in 1949 was powerful, and the constitutions of 21 other states were consulted when deciding how to word the constitution. It represented a complete rejection of all the legal systems that had occurred in California prior to it becoming a state10. The 1879 rewrite of the constitution built on this, becoming a strong document, and empowering California to move forward as a state. The period between the mid and the late 19th century was a period of turbulent change for California. Before it even joined the Union, the Spanish state had experienced an extreme influx of migrants from throughout the country as a consequence of the gold rush and the desire for a better land to settle. The changes incorporating the growing state into the new Union as well as the increase connecti on through the rail system, and the revised constitution gave California the space to grow and to develop as a state in its own right, forming its own unique history. Bibliography Cleland, R. G. A History of California: The American Period, The Macmillan company 1922). Pincetl, S. S. Transforming California: A Political History of Land

Systems Analysis and Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Assignment Example Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside a class, and everything is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not classes for performance reasons. Java uses similar commenting methods to C++. There are three different styles of comment: a single line style marked with two slashes (//), a multiple line style opened with a slash asterisk ( ), and the Javadoc commenting style opened with a slash and two asterisks ( ). The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to compile documentation for the program. Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorld.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorld.class. Only then can it be executed, or launched. The java source file may only contain one public class but can contain multiple classes with less than public access and any number of public inner classes. A class that is not declared public may be stored in any .java file. The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. For class file generation, anonymous classes are treated as if their name were the concatenation of the name of their enclosing class, a $, and an integer. The keyword public denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. The keyword static in front of a method indicates a static method.

Body Image, Self Esteem and Eating Relationship | Methods

Body Image, Self Esteem and Eating Relationship | Methods Methodology In this chapter, we are going to discuss the research design, respondents, instrument, procedure and data analysis that we use at doing the research study. For our research, we used Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16B), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) at investigating the relevance of body image with both self-esteem and eating attitudes. Furthermore, participants were focused at female Foundation students of UTAR. Details were further discussed in our following subtopic. Research Design Research design is defined as a tool to gather relevant evidence that involve with a specification of the type of useful evidences needed for answering our research question, testing a theory and to describing some phenomenon shown (McGaghie, Bordage, Crandall, Pangaro, 2001). In other words, research design is to answer the primary question as suggested in our research clear enough from the uncertainty. In this study, a quantitative research with cross-sectional design was selected to use. A quantitative research refers to an empirical method used to explain phenomena by collecting numerical data. The term cross-sectional design implies that one or more samples are drawn from the population at one point of time (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, 2010). In addition, a purposive sampling particularly the stratified purposeful sampling was utilized in this research. In a purposive sample, the sample is typically designed to pick a small number of cases that will yield the most information about a particular phenomenon. In other words, it involves selecting information-rich cases for in-depth study. Purposive sampling leads to greater depth of information from a smaller number of carefully selected cases (Teddlie Yu, 2007). On the other hand, a stratified purposeful sampling presenting and providing characteristics of particular subgroups of interest and facilitates comparison. It involves capture major variations rather than to identify a common core (Patton, 1990). Respondents The female Foundation students in UTAR (Perak Campus) have been targeted as the population of this research. There are 1427 female Foundation students and a sample consisted of 100 students (N=100) from both science and art streams participated in this study. In balancing the body size groups, 50 plump and 50 thin female participants between the ages of 18 to 23 years old (M= 20.16, SD= 1.45) were selected. This study focused on female Foundation students is that they are at a much higher rate to experience body image disturbance and disordered eating than males (Serdar, n.d.). In having adjustment to new lifestyle, females might have thought changing and more aware of themselves and how others perceive them as they meet more new people in the new environment. Whereas, the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders has not significantly correlated with males (Furnham, Badmin, Sneade, 2002; Wimbish, 2009) and hence, the study did not include males to prevent the possibility of producing extreme scores. Instrument Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-16B). The BSQ 16-item is a refined self-report questionnaire developed by Evans and Dolan (1993) to assess body dissatisfaction and concern over body shape. Participants rate the items based on a six-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = never to 6 = always with higher scores indicate greater body shape dissatisfaction. Items are all presented as self-statement such as â€Å"Have you been afraid that you might become fat (or fatter)?† (item 2) and â€Å"Has seeing your reflection (e.g. in a mirror or shop window) made you feel bad about your shape?† (item 13). The BSQ-16B has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of body image satisfaction as it had been shown to have good test-retest reliability (.88) (Hudson, 2008) and excellent internal consistency (.95) (Pook, Tuschen-Caffier, Brahler, 2008). Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). The RSE is a 10-item self-report questionnaire developed by Rosenberg (1965) to measure global self-esteem level of participants in this study. Participants rate the items based on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from 3 = strongly agree to 0 = strongly disagree with higher scores indicate higher level of self-esteem. Items are all presented as self-evaluation on positive self-esteem (item 1, 3, 4, 7, 10) and negative self-esteem (item 2, 5, 6, 8, 9). RSE has been found to have good test-retest correlations of .82 to .88 and internal consistency of .77 to .88 (Hudson, 2008), which indicate the test is having high reliability of measure self-esteem. Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26). The EAT 26-item is an abbreviated version developed by Garner, Olmstead, Bohr, and Garfinkel (1982) from the original scale which is EAT-40. EAT-26 is a most widely used standardized self-report questionnaire to measure the symptoms and concerns characteristics of eating disorders. Participants rate the items based on a six-point Likert scale (3 = always, 2 = usually, 1 = often, 0 = sometimes, 0 = rarely, 0 = never) with a cutoff scores of 20 had been suggested to identify persons with problematic attitudes and behaviors towards eating. Items are presented in three subscales: 1) Dieting (item 1, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26), 2) Bulimia and food preoccupation (item 3, 4, 9, 18, 21, 25), and 3) Oral control (item 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 19, 20). The EAT-26 has been shown to have a good intercorrelations with EAT-40 (r = .98) and good internal consistency (.90) in non-clinical populations (Garner et al., 1982). Reliability In this study, the reliability of variables has been analyzed. The results of Cronbach’s Alpha reliability test showed that all the scales are highly reliable of BSQ-16B (16 items; ÃŽ ± = .94), RSE (10 items; ÃŽ ± = .737), and EAT-26 (26 items; ÃŽ ± = .791) (Appendix ). Procedure Before the commencement of questionnaire distribution, proper liaison was made by sending a formal letter to gain the permission from Centre for Foundation Studies (Perak Campus) to retrieve data on the population number of female Foundation students. After the permission was granted, the survey was conducted at Block B, C, and D of UTAR Perak Campus which Foundation students are majority gathers. The questionnaires were distributed manually to the potential participants. A consent form was attached to the questionnaire and the nature of the study was explained clearly to participants. The participants will not able to take part in the survey if they did not give the consent to the student researchers. Furthermore, the total score of EAT-26 (Section D) had been counted on the spot once the participant completed the questionnaire. Participants with a score of 20 or more or answered affirmatively to any of the behavioral questions had been suggested to seek evaluation from mental health professional. The questionnaires were collected from the participants with 100% response rate. Each questionnaire was checked to ensure there were balanced numbers of participants from both groups. The completed questionnaires were then later analyzed. Data Analysis Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Version 20.0 was used during the analysis of data. The demographic data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics to measure the mean, standard deviation, and frequency of age and body size group. The first research question was analyzed by mean and standard deviation on measuring the body image satisfaction level between thin and plump female Foundation students. Next, Independent Sample t-Test was used to test the second research question to determine the mean difference of body image satisfaction and eating attitudes between thin and plump female. Furthermore, the third and forth research question were tested by using Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation on accessing the relationship between body image satisfaction with self-esteem and eating attitudes respectively to examine whether there is any positive or negative significant relationship between these variables. The level of significant difference (p-value) was adopte d at t-Test and References Shaughnessy, J. J., Zechmeister, E. B., Zechmeister, J. S. (2010). Research methods in psychology (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. McGaghie, W. C., Bordage, G., Crandall, S., Pangaro, L. (2001). Method: Research design. Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 76(9), 929-930. Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods [Adobe Digital Editions version]. Retrieved from http://legacy.oise.utoronto.ca/research/field-centres/ross/ctl1014/Patton1990.pdf Teddlie, C., Yu, F. (2007). Mixed method sampling: A typology with examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100. Doi: 10.1177/2345678906292430 Serdar, K. L. (n.d.). Female body image and the mass media: Perspectives on how women internalize the ideal body standard. Retrieved from http://www.westminstercollege.edu/myriad/index.cfm?parent=2514detail=4475content=4795 Furnham, A., Badmin, N., Sneade, I. (2002). Body image dissatisfaction: Gender differences in eating attitudes, self-esteem, and reasons for exercise. The Journal of Psychology, 136(6), 581-596. Wimbish, T. R. (2009). Eating disorders, body-image dissatisfaction, and drive for muscularity in African American gay and straight men (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3391518) Pook, M., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Brahler, E. (2008). Evaluation and comparison of different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire. Psychiatry Research, 158, 67-73. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.08.002 Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., Bohr, Y., Garfinkel, P. E. (1982). The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, 12, 871-878.

Leagility in supply chain

What is â€Å"leagility† in supply chain design?In a supply chain analysis of an appliance manufacturer, application of leagility concept led to significant benefits of the company's performance.   The company is based in Thailand whose factory is located in capital Bangkok (Banomyong & Supatn).   The current problem of the firm is accumulated in its reverse logistics (e.g. managing returned products) being threefold; namely, excessive transportation costs, damaged products and slow customer response.   The current system requires customers to travel from their homes to the retailer stores where they bought the firm's products.   Retailers will then transport the returned products to the Bangkok factory or in some cases even have to forward first to distribution/ service center before actual repair in Bangkok factory.   When repaired, the products are sent to customers, however, in retail stores only so they have to travel to claim.With the application of leagility, creating service shops in retail stores serve as decoupling points to manage customer demand volatility efficiently.   These services shops will be supplied by Bangkok factory with sufficient parts for the former to address simple defects and needed repairs.   Bangkok factory will only accept complex problems that do not require immediate action.   With the presence of leagility, the reverse logistics of the firm eliminate the three problems cited above.   It is able to prevent excessive transportation because service shops can serve as direct access of customers to Bangkok factory capabilities.   Less travel is required that can prevent damaging the products.   Lastly, customer satisfaction is increased because the response is faster while their need to â€Å"come-back† is minimized due to ready service.Leagility is derived from the word leagile.   The term is first defined by Naylor et al (1999) which means the mixture of lean and agile capabilities in the sup ply chain design.   Managing the decoupling point is the crucial aspect of leagile with the objective of responding to a fluctuating demand at one end and its scheduling on the other.   When strategic decoupling plan is implemented, it is possible to respond to abrupt market needs in an agile way while also carrying an ability to postpone or being lean to achieve efficiency.   De-coupling manages the difference between orders and forecasts.   Leagility is a combination of leanness and agility.The former emphasized on reduction of cost and waste and profit maximization through a level schedule.   The latter is inclined with flexible service and profit maximization through understanding customer requirements efficiently.   Leagility is achieved when these value-creating activities are present; namely, just-in-time (JIT), quality improvement, IT upgrades, lot-size minimization (i.e. less scrap and faster response time), system integration and global optimization.Other autho rs defined leagility as a hybrid strategy between lean and agile supply chain.   Being agile is the use of market knowledge and virtual business to manage fluctuations in demand while leanness is the use of value stream where waste and time are reduced and level schedule is obtained.   In their definition, decoupling point is clearer.   Decoupling point is the part of the supply chain in which customers can interfere and take part through the chain design.The point serves as signal to the firm about demand that can guide the forecasts/ Kanban system.   With the use of decoupling, inventories are managed on a stable level that has cost efficiency implications.   The combined features of agile and lean supply chains led to inherent characteristics of leagile supply chain.   These include volatile and unpredictable market demand, medium productivity variety, short product life cycle, service level customer performance, moderate profit margins, dominant physical and marketab ility costs, vendor-managed inventory, essentiality of information and other desirable effects to quality, forecasts, lead time and other costs (O'Brien 2005).Leagility application to USMCIN USMC, information technology is used to improve the supply chain management.   IT is deemed essential in leagile design and USMC has addressed this issue.   Assuming that SAP NetWeave enables information sharing across different functions in the supply chain, the organization can stabilize leagile framework through its IT.   However, the investment in IT must not be too high because funds are required in creating decoupling points systems and resources.   It should be noted that agile supply chain will not be acquired by USMC rather leagile and this makes IT non-obligatory.Further, IT may have intensified the ability of USMC in integrating information and resources to armed forces and suppliers of other countries.   Adoption of leagility can provide relaxation on the demand in reducing lead time for USMC services as this is not essential to being leagile.   USMC can continue sharing resources with other countries that can result to acquiring the latest technology without the problem against time constraints (e.g. on approval of the cooperating country about the local information).The use of GPS and RFID device in tracking supplies should be minimized since leagility does not confront stock-out penalties especially there are no place for stock-out (RFID Journal).   This means that the advantage of GPS and RFID to provide real-time information about the location of the inventories in the stock room or warehouses are seen less useful.   Further, the cost of such technologies is higher than the common barcode that their use in leagility is sub-optimal.Therefore, barcodes should be revisited.   The use of satellite communications in relation to service provision in a timely manner and also quick response must be maintained.   Leagility does not offer robustn ess while its forecast mechanism requires algorithmic and consultative areas inherent to lean and agile supply chains respectively.   As a result, service provision can be adversely affected when satellites will not feedback real-time events in the area of jurisdiction.The use of rapid logistics is required in leagility.   However, this can be adversely affected as purchasing policy is managed by vendor inventory.   Even with an efficient logistics, a non-cooperative vendor can cause delays of resources delivery and transfer.   In contrast, the rapid logistics can aid in providing products within the concept of leagility.   Leagile products are provided as per customer demand which can increase customer satisfaction by rapid delivery.   In effect, service level is achieved with low cost from USMC due to absence of excessive stocks and inventory spaces.Smart packing is required to be an efficient process because the products carried through a leagile supply chain have sho rt life cycles.   Further, it is also a difficulty that USMC is obliged to produce different packing designs to a medium-scale product differentiation (Smart Packing).   Perhaps, a lean supply chain can better fit smart packing due to long life cycle.   If USMC requires cost efficiency, smart packing should be minimized and funds should be diverted to dominant costs in physical and marketability expenditures.ReferencesBanomyong, R. & Supatn, N. (unknown). Leagility in reverse logistics: a case study of electronic appliance manufacturer [Internet] Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].O'Brien, V. (2005). Should manufacturing pursue a lean, agile or leagile strategy? [Internet] Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].Naylor, J., Naim, M. & Berry, D. (1999). Leagility: Integrating the Lean and AgileManufacturing Paradigms in the Total Supply Chain. International Journal Of ProductionEconomics, 62(1), p.2.RFID Journal (unknown). Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].Smart P acking (unknown). Available from [Accessed 6 August 2007].

Movie Review The Big Sleep - 1267 Words

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Alzheimer s Disease And Its Effects - 903 Words

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